HIV and Bone Health

Managing HIV and Bone Health Hand in Hand

HIV infection can have several effects on bone health:

Decreased Bone Density

Individuals with HIV infection, particularly those who have progressed to AIDS, may experience decreased bone mineral density. This can lead to a condition called osteoporosis, which makes bones more susceptible to fractures.

Increased Fracture Risk

The decrease in bone density can result in an increased risk of fractures. Even minor trauma or stress on bones can lead to fractures in individuals with compromised bone health.

Higher Rates of Osteoporosis

HIV-infected individuals, especially those on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), have been found to have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis. This might be due to the effects of both the virus and certain antiretroviral medications on bone metabolism.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Some individuals with HIV may experience vitamin D deficiency, which is important for bone health. Vitamin D plays a role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Low levels of vitamin D can contribute to weakened bones.

Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection. Inflammatory markers released by the immune system can affect bone metabolism and lead to bone loss.

Antiretroviral Medications

While antiretroviral therapy has greatly improved the prognosis for people living with HIV, some of these medications have been associated with bone-related side effects. For instance, certain protease inhibitors and tenofovir-based drugs have been linked to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.

Hormonal Changes

HIV infection and certain antiretroviral drugs can lead to hormonal imbalances, including changes in sex hormone levels. These imbalances can further contribute to bone loss.

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